Soldier (Danaus eresimus)

Only in the butterfly world do monarchs and queens outnumber soldiers.

In fact, the Soldier Butterfly (Danaus eresimus) is the least wide spread of the three milkweed butterfly species in the United States, found in South Florida, Texas and Arizona.

They look very similar to Queens. A top view, not shown here, reveals some dark veins on the chestnut colored wings. Queens lack those dark veins.

The side view picture at the top shows a distinct watermark on the hindwing. That watermark is absent in Queens.

Queens and Soldiers often nectar together in areas where their territories overlap. Because they tend to keep their wings folded, checking the wings for a watermark is a good way to differentiate between the two species.

Queen Butterfly

The Queen Butterfly (Danaus gilippusis), is one of three Danaus or milkweed butterflies commonly found in the United States.

The Monarch Butterfly, probably the most recognizable member of the group, ranges across the United States.

Queens have a narrower range, living in milkweed habitat in the Midwest and Southwest.

Field identification can be easy or difficult, depending on location. In areas where Queens and Soldiers overlap, identification can be tricky because the wings of both species share similar physical characteristics.

The top picture shows a top view of the Queen's wings. The chestnut colored wings lack the black veins visible in the Soldier butterfly.

The bottom picture shows a side view of the wings, with thick black stripes and white spots along the edges. Generally the side view of the wings show a consistent chestnut color, compared to a side wing view of the Soldier.

Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)

The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), one of the most celebrated butterflies in the Americas, is known for its annual migration.

Each spring and fall they fly back and forth between the summer breeding grounds in the United States and Canada, and their winter resting grounds in Mexico.

Two distinct Monarch populations east and west of the Rocky Mountains are documented, with a population that winters in Southern California in areas such as Pismo Beach.

Field identification is usually easy. They have orange wings, outlined in black, and white spots on a black face.

Monarch butterflies made a good deal of news starting in 1999, when a researcher from Cornell University conducted a laboratory study on the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), a natural insecticide, on the monarch butterfly.

BT properties were being bred into some genetically altered corn varieties to deal with the European corn borer. Since milkweed and cornfields grow together, the fear was that monarch butterfly caterpillars were susceptible to harm, even to death, when they ingested milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from genetically engineered Bt corn.

The research brought on a wave of press attention questioning the safety of BT crops. Follow up research shows little harm to monarch populations to date.